We shall present a very broad survey of results, starting from the mid 1960's, addressed at a very general audience, concerning the geometric topology of polyhedra and the main applications. Here are the key topics to be covered in the talk: 2-dimensional PL topology: We shall consider the problem of resolving arbitrary 2-polyhedra by fake surfaces and its application to getting a reduction of the classical Whitehead asphericity conjecture to the case of special polyhedra (Casler, Ikeda, Piergallini-Matveev, Wright, Hog-Angeloni-Metzler, Repovs-Skopenkov). 3-dimensional PL topology. We shall study spines of topological 3-manifolds and an interesting application of the classical knot theory in producing nonhomeomorphic 3-manifolds with equivalent spines (Mitchell-Przytycki-Repovs, Cavicchioli-Lickorish-Repovs, Glock-Hog-Angeloni) as well as problems of thickenings (Brodsky-Repovs-Skopenkov). 4-dimensional PL topology. We shall investigate embeddings of 2-polyhedra into topological 4-manifolds and an interesting application of the classical Bing shrinking techniques to the problem of different regular neighborhoods of codimension 2 embeddings (Geoghegan-Mihalik, Lasheras, Salihov, Oniscenko-Repovs-Skopenkov, Bestvina-Daverman-Venema-Walsh). We shall also list several open problems and open conjectures from this and related areas of geometric topology.